A NEW APPROACH TO INFINITE UNIVERSE AND RED SHIFTING
Introduction
Maxwell's equations predict that the light is constant for all reference points, and its accuracy is proven. All equations of relativity are based on the assumption that there is no speed can be higher than the speed of light. \( z+1= \sqrt { \frac{1+v/c}{1-v/c} } \) (1)equity that is found by adding Lorentz factor to Doppler statement is a special solution that supports the assumption that two objects can not depart from each other faster than the speed of light. According to the formula structure \(\ z’ \) and \(\ v/c\) ’s small values are giving a wide distribution; between \(z= 0,5-1100\) values there is an accumulation in a narrow speed range. For this reason, far-reaching supernova observations have shown that a very wide range of distance is accumulated at a narrow speed range. This has led to the removal of the result of the expansion of the universe.
Firstly, if a thing has a faster speed than the speed of light, it does not mean that it is faster than the light. Everything depends on how we imagine space. We believe that the universe is infinite and expands at infinite speed. And we prove that the light can reach everywhere in the end distance and the final speed.
In our work, \(z+1=e^\frac{v}{c}\) equality which is developed based on the defined coordinate system is defined. When the speed of the remote supernovas is calculated according to the new approach created in this study, it will be found that smooth spreading without agglomeration is obtained and the rate of expansion does not change.
1. IMPOSSIBILITY OF DARK ENERGY
This study presents a new approach to lights speed reaching the Earth, redshift and the age of light source. According to the special relativity given in Eq. (1), the redshift formula is based on the assumption that the speed of expansion of the apparent universe can not be higher than the speed of light, or that the light of objects with a speed of departure greater than the speed of light can not reach us. Hence, if \( \frac{v}{c} \) is equal to 1; \(z\) value goes to eternity. Formula, according to its structure gives a distribution for smaller values \(z\) of and between \(\frac{v}{c'}; z=0,5-1100 \) accumulation is observed at a narrow speed range. This accumulation has also been observed in supernova observations and as a result, the expansion rate of the universe increases. In order to accelerate, there is a need for dark energy, dark energy and asymmetry, which will create pressure in space between galaxies. In order for an objects rate to change, the component of the forces acting on it must be of a certain vector size. Today, it is known that the universe is isotropic, and even if it is a galaxy at the far end of the observed universe, the universe seems to be isotropic everywhere. In Figure 1, each of the three galaxies schematically depicted are of equal pressure and tensile forces on each side.
Figure 1. Universes isotropic structure
If any part of the surface surrounding the visible universe is picked up, it appears that the light coming to either side of this part is on average the same intensity. Since gravitational waves also travel at the same speed as light, symmetry in the universe of light will not deteriorate in gravity as gravitational forces are equally severe on average. Such an effect will be symmetrical if the effect is due to the fact that dark energy can not propagate through pressure, light and gravity. As a result, when the visible universe is considered as a system, a system is obtained which is balanced from light, gravity and pressure in every direction. This will cause neither acceleration nor deceleration.
Another feature that makes dark energy impossible is its pressure application feature. The invisible and undetectable form of dark energy is possible for us if we are either absolute transparent or absolute white. Though, physicists believe that reflecting light creates pressure on surface as a ball that bounces back from wall, this is not possible. The light is stopped by the reflective surface like a ball bounces back and does not accelerate again. That is why we can not calculate the pressure that is created by reflecting light with the same logic. Instead, we can make the calculation by starting from the energy. Pressure does not work on an immobilized surface, but the light reflected by a free-standing mirror in the space will be accelerated in the opposite direction with the pressure and will go a certain way. So the light will make work during on all its way. At the same time the work done will be equal to the decrease in energy of the light.
Figure 2. Effect of reflected light on the surface
Since our surface is an absolute reflector, it will reflect the entire light. That is, the frequency of the incoming light and the frequency of the reflected light will be the same. Of course the energy will remain the same. This is also possible if the pressure applied to the reflective surface is zero. The same is true for absolute transparency. Even if the universe is filled with dark energy as it is said, it can not create pressure and accelerate it.
2. AGE OF LIGHT SOURCE
Another problem encountered in the Doppler formulation relates to the age of the light source. CMB is the image of the universe 380,000 years old , while the farthest galaxy GN-z11 is 400,000,000 years old. If the calculation is made in a different way, very different results are achieved.
The number of pulses coming out of a sound or radiation source and the number of pulses arriving at the observer have to be equal. This leads to \(f * t \)= constant equality in the case of Doppler shift or red (or blue) shift.
It is known that everything in the space spreads out from a single point and spreads before the start time. In this case, the age of the radiation source; a relationship can be established between the event time and the observation time depending on the rate of redshift. From the beginning of the moment if the disengagement is at a constant speed;
\(\ t_\textrm{obs} = t_\textrm{event}(z+1) \) (2) equity is observed.
Age of universe is 13.800.000000 years [14]; for CMB \(z = 1089\) ; for GN-z11 since \(z = 11,1\) is, for CMB theage of source;
\(\ t_\textrm{CMB} = \frac{13.800.000.000}{1089+1} = 12.660.000 \) (2) years
For GN-z11 age of source;
\(\ t_\textrm{GN-z11} = \frac{13.800.000.000}{11,1+1} = 1.140.500.000 \) (3) years
A very large time difference arises between the results of the first calculation and the results obtained by the above calculation, and it is not possible to explain it. However, whatever the calculation method, the result should not change. If the assumption that the expansion of the universe accelerates and increases is accepted as correct, then the difference must grow even more. Since we do not have data about the default magnitude of acceleration, we can only show the change with the following graphic:
Figure 3. Geometric display of event time and observation time
The age of the CMB source is also the beginning time of transparency at the same time. From this moment of starting, this visual wall has formed. However, at the very first moment, when the radiation of very close sources reached us, the MCB's wavelength became 2 times higher when the age of the universe reached 2 times. And exponentially reached today's value. During this time, the ratio of the age of the universe to the wavelength of the universe was constant (12,660,000 years). When the universe reaches 2 times its age, the CMB's wavelength will rise to 2 times.
Figure 4. The age of Universe and CMB's redshifting
3. NEW APPROACH TO REDSHIFTING
In Einstein’s elevator experiment; thinking of an elevator that is not accelarating but moving in a constant speed or stopping or free falling, it can not be understood that whether elevator is moving stable, stopping or free falling. The fact that inertial forces and gravitational forces are so identical is in fact the result of inertia being the result of gravity.
Space is thought of as a shape of the void that is shaped by gravitational waves; it is assumed that the gravitational waves are the environment for both the other gravitational waves and for the propagation of electromagnetic waves. So the space around the Milky Way is shaped by the gravitation of The Milky Way, the space around the Sun is shaped by the gravitation around the Sun and the space around the Earth will be shaped by the gravitational waves of the Earth, as the gravitational waves advancing in space approach an object, it will adapt to that cistern gravitational waves, electromagnetic waves will always travel at a constant c speed.
Figure 5. The relationship between the mass of the change of wave length and the distance
Gravitational waves from all directions of an object change their wave length and adjust their speed to that object. The gravitational ripples that the object spreads also adjust the wavelength according to the intensity of the gravitational field, and there is a balance between the object and its surroundings. If the speed or direction is to be changed, the harmony between the waves will change and the force of inertia will emerge. If the waves are more intense in a certain direction, it will cause free fall in that direction or the weight will emerge.
Object being in balance by the waves coming from all directions in space leads kinetic energy to a stranger shape with the help of high speed and long distances. Assuming that a spacecraft is being sent at a speed close to the speed of light in any direction; the speed of the vehicle will be constant throughout the journey, not only relative to the observer but also far away from the galaxies. As the galaxy moves away from the observers at a rate that is proportional to the distance, the vehicle will move away from the observer and approach the other galaxy on the path, reducing its velocity with respect to nearby objects and ultimately turning into an entirely stationary object when the observer's speed of departure approaches the same rate as the launching speed of the vehicle. Since the speed of the vehicle does not change according to the observer, we can say that the kinetic energy does not change. However, the galaxy next to the vehicle must be considered to be the same kinetic energy. There are galaxies moving further ahead at higher speeds. And the speed of their departure from us is higher than the speed of light, and we can not speak of the kinetic energy of such a speed. The beam of light sent along the same direction will travel at a constant speed along the way along the observation points around it. The vehicle will continue to pass by the speed of light at the area where it stops completely, and the kinetic energy will not change at all.
Figure 6. Space expansion and increase in wavelength
Figure 7. Red or blue shift according to speed of object
If the increase in wavelength causes the illusion of reduced energy, the frequency * time definition will remain constant along the way because the observation time will increase in the same direction. As a result, an objects kinetic energy is related to the gravitational waves around it.
The arrival of the space by the gravitational waves ensures that it can expand from infinity to near zero, and that the universe can expand away from the galaxies at times higher than the speed of light. However, this speed is still not as great as the speed of light.
World absorbs the lights of objects like Moon from each direction and we are sure about the gravitational waves. What about a pebble stone? Objects below a certain size will not affect the space inside. A space module, our body, or a pebble may be below or above this scale. But it is precisely such a particle in the quantum measure. Perhaps this scale is the starting point of quantum physics. The particles act in harmony with them as they can not affect the waves. The cause of quantum uncertainty may be the fact that the particles are in the form of waves of space in which they are located.
Since the change in wavelength of the gravitational waves will be like red or blue shift of the light, the intensity of the gravitational waves will decrease in the moving objects; it will increase in the approaching objects. In the same way due to the gravitational effect, time will slow down in large mass objects due to time slowing, so the intensity will decrease with increasing mass from large mass to small mass; on the opposite way it will increase. As a result, the two objects will attract each other with different forces. Although this effect does not make a significant difference between the Sun and the Earth, it will reveal a significant difference between the galaxy centers and the circumstance where very large and dense masses are present, and the objects in the surroundings will attract the centers with a much greater force.
4. DEFINITION OF COORDINATE SYSTEM
The coordinate system is a concept defined for the purpose of transferring space into mathematics. As objects travel in space, relative velocity is not affected by the expansion of space, so the fixed coordinate system is used as if motion is examined in a fixed space. Thus the speed of the light is constant in all space. If you could be an observer on a photon; it was seen that space in the space did not move, only the distance between them increased or decreased. For the modeling of such a space, the coordinate system should be constricted or expanded by keeping the points constant.
Figure 8. Identification of the coordinate system
Since the points \(\ x1\) and \(\ x2\) are constant, the time required for the light to move from point x1 to point x2 can be easily calculated. When distance is parted to \(\ n \) number of parts it is
\(\ dt_i= \frac{dx_i}{c} t= \left(\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{dx}{c} \right) \) (5)
and each \(\ dx \) value, the light grows in proportion to the rate of expansion of space until it reaches it. If we calculated each \(\ dx \) value of light \(\ I_0 \) starting distance and \(\ v \) departure speed;
\(\ dt_1= \frac{l_0}{cn} \)
\(\ dt_2= \frac{l_0}{cn}+ \frac{v}{n} \frac{dt_1}{c} = \frac{l_0}{cn} + \frac{l_0v}{c^2n^2} \) (6)
\(\ dt_3= \frac{l_0}{cn}+ 2 \frac{l_0v}{c^2n^2}+ \frac{l_0v^2}{c^3n^3} \) (7)
\(\ dt_4= \frac{l_0}{cn}(\frac{v}{cn}+ 3 \frac{v^2}{c^2n^2}+ 3 \frac{v^3}{c^3n^3}+ \frac{v^4}{c^4n^4}) \) (8)
\(\ dt_5= \frac{l_0}{cn}(\frac{v}{cn}+ 4 \frac{v^2}{c^2n^2}+ 6 \frac{v^3}{c^3n^3}+4 \frac{v^4}{c^4n^4}+ \frac{v^5}{c^5n^5}) \) (9)
\(\ dt_6= \frac{l_0}{cn}(\frac{v}{cn}+ 5 \frac{v^2}{c^2n^2}+ 10\frac{v^3}{c^3n^3}+10 \frac{v^4}{c^4n^4}+5 \frac{v^5}{c^5n^5}+\frac{v^6}{c^6n^6}) \) (10)
\(\ dt_7= \frac{l_0}{cn}(\frac{v}{cn}+ 6 \frac{v^2}{c^2n^2}+ 15\frac{v^3}{c^3n^3}+20 \frac{v^4}{c^4n^4}+15 \frac{v^5}{c^5n^5}+6\frac{v^6} (11){c^6n^6}+\frac{v^7}{c^7n^7}) \)
Continues as a serial Pascal triangle and overall is;
\(t=\frac{l_0}{v}(e^\frac{v}{c}-1)\) (12)
Equity gives a finite value, for \(l_0\) and \(v\) ’s all finite values. In other words, the light will arrive at every point in the space that is at the final distance and ends at a fast pace.
Since the wavelength of the light will expand in the same area as the space, redshifting rate is;
\( z+1= \frac{l_{now}}{l_{then}}= \frac{l_0+t*v}{l_0} \) (13)
\( t*v= l_0(e^\frac{v}{c}-1)\) (14)
\( z+1=\frac{l_0+l_0(e^\frac{v}{c}-1)}{l_0}=\frac{1+l_0(e^\frac{v}{c}-1)}{1}=e^\frac{v}{c} \) (15)
If it is the redshift formula according to special relativity;
\( z+1= \sqrt { \frac{1+v/c}{1-v/c} } \) (16)
(15) and (16) equities, between , \(z=0-4.4 \) values drawn in \( v/c \) coordinate, below graphic comes to shape.
Figure 9. Relative to the rate of redshifting and speed of departure
At small redshifts, in other words until \( z=0.4 \) , the new approach with the redshift formula according to special relativity gives the same results. But as the z value grows, the difference grows rapidly, as is the case with observations.
Since for CMB \( z=1089 \) ;
\(\frac{v}{c}=\ln {1090}=6,994\cong 7 \) (17)
Current distance of source;
\(6,994 *13.800.000.000= 96.517.000.000 \) (18) light years.
The diameter of the visible universe is found 193.000.000.000 light years.
The equation that gives the time is that because the total age of the universe is known with two unknowns for CMB \(l_0 =88.000.000 \) and the age is found \( t_{CMB} = 12.660.000\)
Also since for \( GN-z11 z= 11,1 \) (19);
\(\frac{v}{c} = \ln12,1 =2,4932 \)
\(l_0 = 2.843.000.000\) ve \(t_{GN-z11} = 1.140.500.000 \).
As the age of the source for the CMB will not change, the wavelength will increase as the distant regions reach us over time, and when the age of the universe doubles, the redshifting will double in the sky.
Naturally, whatever the calculation method, if the methods are correct, the result should not change.
5. RED SHIFTING ON NON HUBBLE EXPANSION
On Chapter 4, it is assumed that the space is expanding in the same direction while calculating the red shift. However, close distances will have significant differences in expansion rate. If you want to get a formula of redshift in a space with different expansion rates along the way;
Firstly, if we calculate the expansion rate on a \( x \) piece, lights passing period
\(t=\frac{x}{c}\) (20)
Expansion speed \( v \)
\(dx= t*v = \frac{xv}{c} \) (21)
\(z+1=\frac{x+dx}{x} = \frac{x+\frac{xv}{c}}{x}=1+\frac{v}{c} \) (22)
As it can be seen \( z+1 \) value is independent from \( x \) value. In this case we can make our calculation by degrading space to \( dv \) pieces instead of \( dx \) pieces.
Figure 10. Differential Division According to Speed
\(z+1= (1+ \frac{dv_1}{c})(1+ \frac{dv_2}{c})(1+ \frac{dv_3}{c}) \)..........................................\((1+\frac{dv_n}{c}) \) (23)
\(z+1= (1+ \frac{v}{nc})(1+ \frac{v}{nc})(1+ \frac{v}{nc}) \)..........................................\((1+\frac{v}{nc}) \) (24)
\(z+1 = e^\frac{v}{c}\) (25)
6. BLACKHOLE IS NOT POSSIBLE
The kinetic energy of the light remains constant as long as it is not absorbed.
At first glance, the gravitational red shift may seem to be the potential energy conversion of the kinetic energy of the light. However, this result is due to the confusion of the result relation. The only reason of the red shifting is the time expansion.
Figure 11 : Relation of frequency and time expansion
The Planck law establishes a relationship between the frequency of photons emitted and the energy of a given period of time.
\(E=hf\) (26)
\(h=6.626 070 040(81)* 10^{-34} J*s\) (27)
\(f=puls/s\) (28)
In this case we can write the equations as;
\(E= 6.626 070 040 (81) * 10^{-34}* puls J\) (29)
Since the number of pulses from the source and the number of pulses arriving at the observer will always be equal, the energy of the light coming from the source and the light reaching the observer will always be equal. As the red shift extends the observation time, the gravitational red shift does not convert or reduce the kinetic energy of the light to the potential energy, but only spreads in time.
So a mass with an escape velocity equal to or higher than the speed of light will not allow an objects escape only at the speed of light. No matter how strong your gravity is, it is not enough to stop the light. And there is no gravitational waves from where there is no time.
Time only stops when the force of gravity goes to infinity. Just like red shifting. Blackhole is only a calculation mistake.
7. GRAVITATIONAL LENS
The speed of light passing through the glass is lower in the optical lens. As the number of pulses of the light does not change, the wavelength shrinks and as you exit from the screen, the speed and wavelength again increase so that the input and output directions change and the lens appears. The light does not change its speed as it passes by a cistern with a mass that is too large to slow down the time, but as the time near cismin slows down, the frequency increases according to the decelerated time and the blue shifts and then the frequency again decreases and shifts to red while passing through the fast flowing time zone. This event is a time lapse, so it acts as a global lens. The correct definition for this phenomenon should be the time lag.
TIME LENCE OPTIC LENCE
Figure 12. Time Focusing Lensing
8. CONCLUSIONS
The universe expands much faster than we think. Much bigger. And the symmetry of the visible universe can only be explained by the fact that it is a very small part of the whole universe.
Symmetry does not allow the rate of expansion to change.
As the universe expands at what speed it expands, the light emitted from any source reaches every point of the universe.
The fact that two objects are moving away from each other at a higher speed than light does not mean that it is faster than light. The light that someone carries will reach the other again at the speed of light.
The speed and kinetic energy of the light is constant at all times and everywhere.
ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS
\(1+z\) Redshift Factor
\(c\) Light Speed
CMB Cosmic Microwave Background
D Distance of star [Mpc]
\(Ho\) Hubble Stable [70km/s/Mpc]
HST Hubble Space Telescope
nm Nanometre
\(t_{event}\) Event Time
\(t_{obs}\) Observation Time
\(v\) Departure Speed [km/s]
\(z\) Redshift